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Quantum Origin

The fundamentals may be seen in the hydrogen atom's broad discrete emission spectrum and the electrons' double-slit electron diffraction pattern. The presence of emission lines suggests that the electron can confine at a specific level.

Black Body Radiation-

Wein displacement - BBR emits different λ radiation with different temperature


Rayleigh–Jeans law Law and Plank Distribution-













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Joule–Thomson coefficient and energy that must be supplied as heat to maintain constant temperature.

 Q. Given that µ = 0.25 K atm−1 for nitrogen, calculate the value of its isothermal Joule–Thomson coefficient. Calculate the energy that must be supplied as heat to maintain constant temperature when 15.0 mol N2 flows through a throttle in an isothermal Joule–Thomson experiment and the pressure drop is 75 atm. Ans.  we know from the joule- Thomson Effect that          we have given, µ = 0.25 K atm−1                          N2  = 15 mol                            pressure drop is 75 atm. finding Cp for N2 from equipartition of Energy = (5/2) R  or 20.785 J K^-1 mol^-1 to find the value of Energy to maintain constant Temperature, we know that dH/dp *n is the joule Thomson coefficient for the 1 mol gas 1mol gas means when gas flow through throttle its expand and cool so for maintaining T constant we need ex...
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